The word ‘Bumiputera’ doesn’t even appear in Malaysia’s Constitution, despite its outsized role in determining who gets housing loans, university spots, and business opportunities. Prime Minister Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim’s recent consideration of granting Bumiputera status to Indian Muslims has sparked intense debate about the role of religion in determining economic opportunities in Malaysia.

This move has brought to light the shortcomings of Malaysia’s affirmative action policies, which have long been criticized for favoring certain ethnic groups over others. By extending Bumiputera status to Indian Muslims, the government is acknowledging the need for a more inclusive approach to addressing economic disparities in the country.

However, critics argue that this move could further entrench religious divisions in Malaysian society, as it raises questions about the intersection of ethnicity and religion in determining access to resources. It also highlights the challenges of defining and determining who qualifies as a Bumiputera, as the term has historically been associated with indigenous Malay and other indigenous groups.

Overall, Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim’s proposal has sparked important conversations about identity, privilege, and inclusivity in Malaysia. It remains to be seen how this plan will be implemented and what impact it will have on the country’s social and economic landscape.